Dr Faraz Vali
Gynaec Oncosurgeon
Understanding Cancer
Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. If left untreated, it can invade nearby tissues and organs, and in some cases, metastasize to distant parts of the body. Gynecologic cancers specifically affect the female reproductive system, while breast cancer and other malignancies also pose significant health risks to women.
Types of Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Early symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, and unusual discharge. Fortunately, cervical cancer is highly preventable through HPV vaccination and routine Pap smear screenings, which help in early detection and timely treatment.
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries, the organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to vague symptoms such as bloating, pelvic pain, and frequent urination. Genetic mutations, particularly BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Regular check-ups, awareness of family history, and genetic testing can aid in early detection.
Uterine Cancer
Uterine cancer, commonly known as endometrial cancer, begins in the lining of the uterus. It is more common in postmenopausal women and is linked to risk factors such as obesity, hormone therapy, and family history. The most noticeable symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause. Early diagnosis is crucial, as treatment in the initial stages often leads to successful outcomes.
Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare form of cancer that develops in the vagina. HPV infection, smoking, and a history of cervical cancer increase the risk of developing this condition. Symptoms may include abnormal bleeding, pain during urination, and lumps in the vaginal area. Regular gynecological exams and HPV vaccination can help in prevention and early detection.
Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancer affects the external female genital area. Chronic skin conditions, HPV infection, and smoking contribute to its development. Symptoms include persistent itching, pain, and visible lumps or sores on the vulva. Regular medical check-ups and awareness of any skin changes in the genital area are essential for early detection and treatment.
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women. It develops in breast tissue and is often linked to genetic factors (BRCA1, BRCA2 mutations), hormonal exposure, and lifestyle choices. Symptoms include lumps in the breast, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, and changes in breast size or shape. Early detection through mammograms and self-examinations plays a crucial role in improving survival rates.
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer affects the colon or rectum and can occur in both men and women. Symptoms include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, and unexplained weight loss. A diet rich in fiber, regular exercise, and routine screenings such as colonoscopies can significantly reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.